1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  

[Ot.(i):   7  ]
(   )
 :    : 80
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.      :
(a)      
()        
(c) 
        ?
(d)      
2. Laivs of Thought '         
 

-
3.               
2
Easy2Siksha
4. Ist  II            
     
-
5.     :
(a)        ?
()  
(c)     
(d)          
6.     '        
 
-
7.              
8.       ?  
       
      ?    
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  

[Ot.(i):   7  ]
(   )
 :    : 80
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.      :
(a)      
()        
(c) 
        ?
(d)      
:(a)      
  :
                 
,             '      
               
     
  :
1.   
 :      
      ,     ,  
             
4
Easy2Siksha
     
      , 
 
      
2.   :       
             ,  
           , -
     
3.    :           
 ,   ,  ,      ,
 ,           
 
4.   :   -      
      ,   '   
    
5.   :  ,       
      ,      
               '  

()        
  :
 ,  ""            
  
   ,   ""  ""  ,  "     "
 -       ,  :
1.  :    (, "  ") 
2.  :    (, "  ") 
3.  :         ( , "
")
    :
1.   :          
            
  ,      
2.   :        (    
   )           
         
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3.  : -        
   ,         
      
4.   : ,        '
            
 
5.   :           
     ,       
    
(c)       
  :
      
  -    , 
""              
,  ,         
 
 , ""        ' , , 
         
      :
        
        
     ,          
:
1. - :  -   -     
 , ""       ,      
        ,  ""    

         
2.    :       
' -     ,   ""      ,
   ,           ,
""        ,        
3.  ' :            
    ,           
            
4.  :           
              
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 ,           
 
(d)      
 :
                
         '       '   
           :
:
o  1:   
o  2:    
o : ,   .
   :
1. :        ,       
      
2. :           , 
     
 
3.   :    ,     
  ,        
4.    :    ,      
         
 :
 ,                 
                  
:
o  1:       
o  2:     
o :  ,     
   :
1. :      
     '  ,
           
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Easy2Siksha
2. :     -      
       
3.   :          , 
             
4.    : ,         
       
      '    
     
  

 
 
 

  
  

   
    

  ()  
 
   '  

     
    
 

               
               
,   ,   ,     
              
 
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Easy2Siksha
2. Laivs of Thought '         
 

:   :   
                
      
  
 ,   ,    
                
 , ,      -      
    ,   ,    
   
 
   
             -
   '         :
1.    :            
 ,       :
A=AA
        ,    ,     ,     
,  "A"    
 ,  "A"    
 
2. -   :           '  

   ,  ""  ,  "" 
( "  ")   
   ,       :
A¬A=FalseA \land \neg A = \text{False}A¬A=
 ,      "  ' ,"     '   

  "  ' 
"
3.       :         ,   
          :
A¬A=TrueA \lor \neg A = \text{True}A¬A=
             
  ,
"   "           ;   

    
;           ,
   ,        
9
Easy2Siksha
  
  ?
      " " 
        
      
  :
1.  :         '   
        
  ,   
 ,     
2.   :          
'           ,   
           
3.    :         

            '    
  
 , 
         ,  
     
4.  :     ,  
           
   ,            
   
5.   -:      -  
         ,     
               
-   
         :
1. :   ,       
           
             
2. : ,       
   ,
 -   '            
      
 
3.  :   ,   '   
 ,          
          
 
 
4.    :   ,        
             
10
Easy2Siksha
              

5.   :  ,       
     ,     ,    '
        
  
      ,       :
1.   :          , 
              
            ,   '
    
2. - :  ,      
,           
              
     
3.  :-       -  
            '  
 
 
   ,      '     
             
       

              
   , -   ,        ,    
                
- ,    ,     , 
             
          , , ,  ,
              
         ,     
    
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-
3.               
:          
   ,   '   ,     :
             
   ,     
1.   ?
                  
 ,             :
 :"  ."
 :"  "
  :
:        
  :             (T)   (F)  
,     
 :  ,    
  :
1.   (A): " A B ."
: "   "
2.   (): "  
"
:"   
."
3.  - (I): " A  B"
: "   ."
4.   (O): " A B 
"
:"   
"
2.    
        -     
 
              
   ,   '           
             
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     :
        ,      
 :
A:  A B 
___________
| |
| : 
 

|___________|
| |
| :  
|___________|
| |
| :   

  :
1. :
o  A  O    A  , O    ,   

o  E  I     E  ,      ,  

2. :
o  A  E        
 ,     
   A  ,  E    ,   E  ,  A
   
3. :
o     (A  E)  ,        (I
 O)   
o  ,  "   " ()  ,  "   " (I)
     ,      ,   
    

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4. -:
o  I  O -       
 ,    
      ,  O      
   , 
    
3.       
               
     
 1:  
 A  ,  O  
  ,    
         ,    ,    
 
 2:  
 A  ,  E  
 E  ,  A  
A  E     
 ,       
 3: -
 A  ,    
 E  ,  O  
 
             
 
 4: -
I  O   
 
            .
4.        
           -    ,
,  ,            :
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 
     '     ,     
  2     ” (A)          
  2     ” (I)
  
             
,                
        
  
                   "
      "    (A)     
      "       
" (I)
5. 
 ,             
         ,       -
     
         ,
           ,      
 
4. Ist  II            
     
:   
       
   
    
       ,    , " A    B  ,  C  
  "
1.   :
o              
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o       
        


2. :
o  1:   
o  2:    
o : ,   .
            
 
             :
  ()       
          
     :
 :     
 :        
:   '   
   
  -     ' -      (
           
)
 
  ,     :
1. :
o  :   
o  :  C .
o : ,    .
2. :
o  :   -   
o  :   .
o : ,   -  .
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3.    :
o         (  )

       :
..:  A B ,  C A ,    C B 
..:  A B 
,  C A ,   C B 

AII: A B ,  C A ,    C B 
EIO: A B 
,  C A ,    C B 

AEE: A B ,  C A 
,    C B 

IEI:  ,   ,      
IEO:  ,   ,      

 
  ,    :
1. :
o  :  
o  :  C .
o : ,    
.
2. :
o  :     
o  :    

o : ,      

3.    :
o        :
..:  A B 
,  C A ,   C B 

..:  A B ,  C A 
,    C B 

AIO: A B ,  C A ,    C B 

..:  A B 
,  C A ,    C B 

4.
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   
      ,      
 :
1.  :
o   -      .      
 -           
2.      
 :
o        ,       
 
3.    :
o      ('
'  '
'    ),  
    ,    - ,   -
  
4.  :
o           
      '   ,  
 ,              -
   
 
-          :
:        
 :            
:      
 
  :     '     

  ,             
                 
      , 
         
         '  
          ,   '  
  ,             
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Easy2Siksha
     ,       
   -           
-
5.     :
(a)        ?
()  
(c)     
(d)          
:  
       
   
    
       ,    , " A    B  ,  C  
  "
1.   :
o              
o       
        


2. :
o  1:    
o  2:   
o :  ,   
            
 
            :
  ()       
          
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     :
 :      
 :        
:   '   
   
  -     ' -      (
           
)
 
  ,     :
1. :
o  :  
o  :  C .
o : ,    .
2. :
o  :    -   
o  :    
o : ,   -  .
3.    :
o         (  )

       :
..:  A B ,  C A ,    C B 
EAE: A B 
,  C A ,   C B 

AII: A B ,  C A ,    C B 
..:  A B 
,  C A ,    C B 

AEE: A B ,  C A 
,    C B 

IEI:  ,   ,      
..:   ,   ,     

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 
  ,    :
1. :
o  :  
o  : C .
o : ,    
.
2. :
o  :      
o  :    

o : ,      

3.    :
o        :
..:  A B 
,  C A ,   C B 

..:  A B ,  C A 
,    C B 

AIO: A B ,  C A ,    C B 

..:  A B 
,  C A ,    C B 

   
      ,        :
1.  :
o   -      .      
 -           
2.      
 :
o        ,       
 
3.    :
o      ('
'  '
'    ),  
    ,    - ,   -
  
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4.  :
o           
      '   ,  
 ,              -
   
 
-          :
:         
 :            
:       
 
  :     '     

  ,             
                 
      , 
         
         '  
          ,   '  
  ,             
     ,       
   -           
6.     '        
 
: !         ,   
           
     ,             
      ,        
  
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Easy2Siksha
   -
  (1724-1804)         ,  
(  ),     -  '    
        '         
               
  '     
   
            ,   
                '
    ,         '    
            
    
1. :          ,   
             
  
2.   :              '
           '  
,   
    
3. : ,            ' 
                 
4.  :  ,          " "  
              

 
              
              
,           :
1.   
            ( ) 
                  
  
  :     ,   : "     
   ?"     ,     '  
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: 
        ,      
        .          , 
  ,       ,    ' 


2.          
      '   ,       ,   
 '        
  :             
 
: 
          (,   
      ),  
         
     '  
3.   
               
    
,            
  :              
               
   
:       ,     
            
   
    

   ,            
   :
1.  :           
          '   ,   
         
2.  : 
      '   ,
      '       
         
3.  ' :   ,        
            '  
 ,     
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Easy2Siksha
4.  :        '   , 
   (     )    ,  
    
   
        ,      
  :
1. :              
     -     
  ,
       ,          
   
2.   :       
            
           
  
3.  :           
     ,      
 
 

    ,   '      ,     
        ,    ' 
 ,              

       ,      -
            
             
,   
,            
          ,   
 '                  
              
    , 
        ,  
      
 
 
         ,     
 '  :
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1.        :     
           
2.      :        
         
3.   :         ,  
       ,   '  
    
4.  :    ,  ,    
  -        
-
7.              
:       : 
-
                 
             
euthanasia,                
   
 ,   '        
     - ,   ,       
 
1.  
Euthanasia  -      :
  :           
  ,        
  :           
      ,  
      
 ( , )
 Euthanasia:             
 ,      
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 :           
       ,      
2.      
          :
a    
            ,     
       ,      
           '       
 ,             
.     
       
        

  ,           ;  , 
              
   
 ,           
c.     
     " "      ,    
                 
      ,     ,     
               
   
 
d.   
          '   ,  
                
      ,      ,   '
                
  
3.  '   
           '   :
        :,     
,  -            
 ,        ,      
     
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        :    ,   - 
            ,   
-           
 '   
   :     ,        
               
       ,       
              
4.       
            ,    
         '       
   
     ,        
 
  ,   :
   :    -    
  
,               
 
  :      
 

 ,         
5.    - 
-               :
   :     -  ,  ,  
     ,         
                
          
   : 2002        
                , 
     '     
6. 
          ,  ,  
   
             
,           -,   ,
 ,    '   -          
       -     ,   
            
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8.       ?  
       
      ?    
:     
        
       
  ,   ,            
      
         
 ,              
          :
1. :            
             
             
   
2.   :            
                
  
             
 
        '      
3.   :            
       ,      

             
  
4. :           , 
              
,          
 
5. :        ,     
      
       
   
     ,       
 
6. :    ,       
 
              
      
7.   :           
             
       ,       
               
   
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Easy2Siksha
8.  :           
 ,      
     
           
     
      

       ,  
             
      ,      ,     
    
          ?
              

  -          ,   
-                 
    
1.     :         
           
                
 , , ,      ,    
  -           ,
              
         
2.     :      
            
-      
       -
              , 
,            
3.     :        
 ,   ,        
          
    
                
 ,            
 ,        
 
4.    :      

  , , ,        '  
             
 ,          
         -    
30
Easy2Siksha
5.  -  :   ,     
  -           
                
  ,   ,         ,
,           

6.      :  
 ,            
 ,  ,         
             
 ,           
 '            
      
7.  -    :      -
      ,      - 
       ,       
        
    
              
 -        
:        
  -     
      
 '            '  :
1.     :      ,  ,
         
     
               
   -        , -
            
-        
2.    : , ,       
 
             
              
            , 
       
3.    :       
          ,    
 ,      ,   
 
     ,      
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             
 
4.     :, ,     
 , ,        -

             
          ,     
     
 
5.    :          , 
 -       ,   ,  
         
   
        '    
  
6.    :    ,     
             
 
 ,      
     
        

       ,       
      ,   , , ,  , 
 
                
  ,             
  , ,           
 ,      
       

        -      
     ,          ,   
        
:      Ai      ( )      
         , 
  '        

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